Alabama follows the federal one-party consent standard. A participant in the conversation may record without notifying others.
Alaska is a one-party consent state. Only one participant needs to consent to the recording.
Arizona allows one-party consent for recording conversations. A participant may record without informing others.
Arkansas is a one-party consent state. One participant's consent is sufficient to record.
California requires all-party consent for recording confidential conversations. Violations can result in criminal penalties and civil liability.
Colorado is a one-party consent state. A participant in the conversation may record without informing others.
Connecticut requires all-party consent. In-person conversations may have nuances, but telephone and electronic recordings are strictly regulated with civil liability risk.
Delaware requires all-party consent to record private conversations. Unauthorized recording is a criminal offense.
D.C. follows the one-party consent rule. A participant in the conversation may record without informing others.
Florida requires all-party consent for recording oral or electronic communications. Violations carry criminal penalties.
Georgia is a one-party consent state. A participant in the conversation may record without informing others.
Hawaii requires all-party consent, particularly in 'private places.' The law can be nuanced depending on the setting.
Idaho is a one-party consent state. One participant's consent is sufficient to record a conversation.
Illinois requires all-party consent for recording private conversations, whether in-person or electronic. The eavesdropping statute carries criminal penalties.
Indiana is a one-party consent state. A participant may record without the knowledge of others.
Iowa follows the one-party consent rule. A participant in the conversation may record without informing others.
Kansas is a one-party consent state. One participant's consent is sufficient to record.
Kentucky is a one-party consent state. A participant in the conversation may record without informing others.
Louisiana allows one-party consent for recording. A participant may record without the knowledge of others.
Maine is generally a one-party consent state, though stricter rules may apply in certain contexts and locations.
Maryland requires all-party consent for recording private conversations. Violations are both a criminal offense and grounds for civil action.
Massachusetts prohibits secret recording of private speech. All parties must consent, and violations carry criminal penalties.
Michigan requires all-party consent for recording private conversations. Case law has introduced some nuances, but the safest approach is to obtain consent from all parties.
Minnesota is a one-party consent state. A participant may record without informing the other parties.
Mississippi is a one-party consent state. One participant's consent is sufficient to record.
Missouri follows the one-party consent rule. A participant may record without informing others.
Montana requires notification or consent of all parties before recording private conversations.
Nebraska is a one-party consent state. A participant may record without informing others.
Nevada allows one-party consent for in-person conversations. The law is more nuanced for telephone recordings, but in-person clinic recordings are generally one-party.
New Hampshire requires all-party consent for recording oral or telephonic communications.
New Jersey is a one-party consent state. A participant may record without the knowledge of others.
New Mexico is a one-party consent state. One participant's consent is sufficient to record.
New York allows one-party consent. A participant in the conversation may record without informing others.
North Carolina is a one-party consent state. A participant may record without informing the other parties.
North Dakota follows the one-party consent rule. One participant's consent is sufficient to record.
Ohio is a one-party consent state. A participant may record without the knowledge of others.
Oklahoma allows one-party consent. A participant in the conversation may record without informing others.
Oregon requires all-party consent for many in-person private conversations. Electronic communications may follow different rules, but the safest approach is all-party consent.
Pennsylvania requires all-party consent for recording oral, wire, or electronic communications. Violations carry criminal penalties.
Rhode Island is a one-party consent state. A participant may record without informing others.
South Carolina follows the one-party consent rule. One participant's consent is sufficient to record.
South Dakota is a one-party consent state. A participant may record without the knowledge of others.
Tennessee allows one-party consent. A participant in the conversation may record without informing others.
Texas is a one-party consent state. A participant may record without informing others.
Utah follows the one-party consent rule. One participant's consent is sufficient to record.
Vermont has no specific state wiretapping statute. The federal one-party consent baseline applies.
Virginia is a one-party consent state. A participant may record without the knowledge of others.
Washington requires all-party consent for recording private conversations. Violations can result in criminal charges.
West Virginia is a one-party consent state. A participant may record without informing others.
Wisconsin is a one-party consent state, though litigation-use rules may vary. One participant's consent is sufficient.
Wyoming is a one-party consent state. A participant may record without informing others.
Canadian federal law (Criminal Code s. 184) allows one-party consent for recording. A participant in the conversation may record without informing others.
One-party consent applies under federal law. Alberta's Health Information Act may require explicit consent for use and disclosure of health information.
One-party consent applies. British Columbia's Personal Information Protection Act (PIPA) governs the storage and disclosure of personal information.
One-party consent applies. Manitoba's Personal Health Information Act (PHIA) governs health info—obtain consent for records used in patient charts.
One-party consent applies under federal law. No province-specific recording statute adds stricter requirements.
One-party consent applies. Newfoundland's Personal Health Information Act (PHIA) applies in medical contexts.
One-party consent applies under federal law. No province-specific recording statute adds stricter requirements.
One-party consent applies. Ontario's Personal Health Information Protection Act (PHIPA) requires consent for health record use and disclosure.
One-party consent applies under federal law. No province-specific recording statute adds stricter requirements.
Québec requires all-party consent under its Civil Code and provincial privacy law. This is stricter than the federal baseline.
One-party consent applies. Saskatchewan's Health Information Protection Act applies in clinical settings.
One-party consent applies under federal law. No territory-specific recording statute adds stricter requirements.
One-party consent applies under federal law. No territory-specific recording statute adds stricter requirements.
One-party consent applies under federal law. No territory-specific recording statute adds stricter requirements.
The ACT's Surveillance Devices Act allows participant recordings. One party to the conversation may record.
NSW's Surveillance Devices Act requires consent of all parties to record a private conversation.
The NT allows participant recordings with consent of at least one party to the conversation.
Queensland permits participant recordings under the Invasion of Privacy Act. One party's consent is sufficient.
South Australia's Listening and Surveillance Devices Act requires all-party consent to record private conversations.
Tasmania generally permits participant recordings. One party to the conversation may record.
Victoria allows participant recordings under the Surveillance Devices Act. One party's consent is sufficient.
Western Australia requires consent from all participants to record a private conversation.
New Zealand allows participant recordings, but disclosure and use are subject to the Privacy Act and sector-specific rules.
The UK allows one-party consent for personal use recordings. Sharing recordings with third parties triggers additional rules under RIPA and data protection law.
Austria allows participant recordings, but usage and disclosure are constrained by data protection law. GDPR obligations also apply.
Belgium permits participant recordings. Confirm usage limits under data protection law.
Bulgaria allows participant recordings. Check criminal code provisions regarding eavesdropping.
Croatia permits participant recordings under general privacy principles.
Cyprus permits participant recordings under general privacy principles.
Czechia allows participant recordings. Admissibility and use can be context-specific.
Denmark allows participant recordings. Business recordings typically require notice to participants.
Estonia permits participant recordings under general privacy principles.
Finland allows participant recordings. Employers and businesses should inform parties when recording.
France prohibits recording private speech without the consent of all parties. Violations can result in criminal penalties.
Germany prohibits unauthorized recording of private conversations. Violations are a criminal offense under StGB § 201.
Greece allows participant recordings, but usage and disclosure are restricted.
Hungary permits participant recordings under general privacy principles.
Ireland allows participant recordings. Data protection obligations apply for business use.
Italy allows participant recordings. Sharing recordings with others is restricted.
Latvia permits participant recordings under general privacy principles.
Lithuania permits participant recordings under general privacy principles.
Luxembourg permits participant recordings under general privacy principles.
Malta permits participant recordings under general privacy principles.
The Netherlands allows participant recordings. Third-party interception is illegal.
Norway allows participant recordings. Data protection and sector-specific rules apply.
Poland permits participant recordings under general privacy principles.
Portugal permits participant recordings under general privacy principles.
Romania permits participant recordings under general privacy principles.
Slovakia permits participant recordings under general privacy principles.
Slovenia permits participant recordings under general privacy principles.
Spain allows participant recordings. Data protection limits apply to usage and disclosure.
Sweden permits participant recordings under general privacy principles.
Switzerland requires consent of all participants before recording private conversations.
Iceland allows participant recordings. EEA data protection guidance applies.
